1 00:00:04,940 --> 00:00:02,379 In ocean ecology of the center where 2 00:00:08,780 --> 00:00:04,950 NASA is located, we also have 3 00:00:10,490 --> 00:00:08,790 Antonio Viudez, who is an atmospheric physicist 4 00:00:12,560 --> 00:00:10,500 at NASA's Langley Research Center, 5 00:00:13,930 --> 00:00:12,570 and finally, we also have 6 00:00:16,939 --> 00:00:13,940 Santiago 7 00:00:19,279 --> 00:00:16,949 de la Peña, who is empty, then at the 8 00:00:22,370 --> 00:00:19,289 BRIC Polar Center of the 9 00:00:24,620 --> 00:00:22,380 State University of ohio and accompanying us we also 10 00:00:27,019 --> 00:00:24,630 have angela posada to her lucky 11 00:00:28,250 --> 00:00:27,029 scientific writing which is that she is a 12 00:00:30,859 --> 00:00:28,260 correspondent for the very 13 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:30,869 interesting magazine in the usa and author of the series 14 00:00:34,910 --> 00:00:32,489 of children's books 20 viruses of 15 00:00:36,500 --> 00:00:34,920 science if it seems good to you we will start by 16 00:00:38,060 --> 00:00:36,510 asking our participants 17 00:00:39,619 --> 00:00:38,070 what they are the main differences 18 00:00:42,740 --> 00:00:39,629 that we have seen between this new 19 00:00:44,270 --> 00:00:42,750 crisis nurse and the 20 00:00:46,729 --> 00:00:44,280 intergovernmental panel on climate change 21 00:00:49,130 --> 00:00:46,739 that has been published today and the previous 22 00:00:50,750 --> 00:00:49,140 doctor of the castle which would you say 23 00:00:52,220 --> 00:00:50,760 are the first and main 24 00:00:54,319 --> 00:00:52,230 differences thank you 25 00:00:57,069 --> 00:00:54,329 very much we will make the main 26 00:00:59,560 --> 00:00:57,079 difference that we have seen is that 27 00:01:01,899 --> 00:00:59,570 the certainty that 28 00:01:03,759 --> 00:01:01,909 humans were causing the 29 00:01:06,550 --> 00:01:03,769 warming of planet earth has 30 00:01:09,010 --> 00:01:06,560 increased the models have improved a lot since the 31 00:01:11,020 --> 00:01:09,020 previous report and we also have a 32 00:01:13,960 --> 00:01:11,030 greater amount of data available to 33 00:01:17,410 --> 00:01:13,970 be able to evaluate this problem with more certainty 34 00:01:21,550 --> 00:01:18,910 we have a question from the public 35 00:01:22,810 --> 00:01:21,560 related that comes from iván reyes from 36 00:01:25,870 --> 00:01:22,820 colombia 37 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:25,880 from google+ what a real question and 38 00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:27,290 honestly it can be said that there is a 39 00:01:30,429 --> 00:01:28,610 worldwide consensus among scientists 40 00:01:33,230 --> 00:01:30,439 regarding man's guilt in 41 00:01:38,710 --> 00:01:33,240 global warming 42 00:01:46,780 --> 00:01:42,550 and evidently with all the data that 43 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:46,790 is available from earlier times and with 44 00:01:50,210 --> 00:01:47,850 it 45 00:01:52,700 --> 00:01:50,220 and the improvement of the technology that is 46 00:01:55,969 --> 00:01:52,710 available when it comes to developing 47 00:01:58,880 --> 00:01:55,979 all the numerical models and processing 48 00:02:01,520 --> 00:01:58,890 that data, it is showing that 49 00:02:04,100 --> 00:02:01,530 this change exists, especially in certain 50 00:02:06,830 --> 00:02:04,110 regions in which this change is more 51 00:02:11,830 --> 00:02:06,840 evident compared to times 52 00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:15,550 very well, we're going at a fairly high pace. 53 00:02:18,809 --> 00:02:17,030 We have another question from Aitor Sierra 54 00:02:21,490 --> 00:02:18,819 that also comes to us from Coco Class. I asked 55 00:02:21,490 --> 00:02:22,960 my question. It's very clear. 56 00:02:38,949 --> 00:02:27,160 something 57 00:02:38,959 --> 00:02:43,790 to answer this question 58 00:02:50,100 --> 00:02:47,640 well I think that indeed the big 59 00:02:53,180 --> 00:02:50,110 problem with climate change is that it 60 00:02:56,340 --> 00:02:53,190 takes place on geological time scales 61 00:02:57,810 --> 00:02:56,350 therefore it is difficult to 62 00:03:00,330 --> 00:02:57,820 differentiate what it is 63 00:03:03,950 --> 00:03:00,340 climate change with what are simple 64 00:03:07,910 --> 00:03:03,960 variations in the 65 00:03:10,160 --> 00:03:07,920 meteorological cycles, then I would say that if you 66 00:03:17,839 --> 00:03:14,839 were all born before 1990, it is possible 67 00:03:18,410 --> 00:03:17,849 that the affections you see may feel 68 00:03:20,930 --> 00:03:18,420 less, 69 00:03:25,430 --> 00:03:20,940 however, your children achieve it and they will 70 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:25,440 see it in the temperatures in the droughts 71 00:03:30,310 --> 00:03:28,130 in the rains 72 00:03:32,260 --> 00:03:30,320 in the sea level that is 73 00:03:37,710 --> 00:03:32,270 increasing 74 00:03:42,990 --> 00:03:40,830 yes I can abound and remember that 75 00:03:45,930 --> 00:03:43,000 human civilization developed in the 76 00:03:49,580 --> 00:03:45,940 last 10,000 years under 77 00:03:51,710 --> 00:03:49,590 climatic conditions that were very stable 78 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:51,720 and beneficial for the development of humanity there is 79 00:03:58,039 --> 00:03:56,539 also historical evidence for 80 00:04:01,179 --> 00:03:58,049 various civilizations that when there have 81 00:04:03,530 --> 00:04:01,189 been severe climate changes in 82 00:04:05,630 --> 00:04:03,540 small regions these civilizations 83 00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:05,640 have suffered many 84 00:04:08,750 --> 00:04:07,380 and that is one of the concerns 85 00:04:10,990 --> 00:04:08,760 we have 86 00:04:13,759 --> 00:04:11,000 the models were predicting 87 00:04:15,649 --> 00:04:13,769 changes that will affect the 88 00:04:18,229 --> 00:04:15,659 living conditions of many people 89 00:04:21,009 --> 00:04:18,239 particularly those who live near 90 00:04:23,350 --> 00:04:21,019 the coasts 91 00:04:25,300 --> 00:04:23,360 we are talking about future effects of 92 00:04:26,619 --> 00:04:25,310 climate change but there are already enough 93 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:26,629 effects that can be observed for 94 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:29,210 example one of the aspects that surprised me the most 95 00:04:34,210 --> 00:04:32,690 in the new report is the 96 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:34,220 change that is being observed in the 97 00:04:37,869 --> 00:04:35,930 polar regions They are talking about, 98 00:04:39,879 --> 00:04:37,879 for example, in Greenland there is 99 00:04:41,830 --> 00:04:39,889 a loss of ice that is six times 100 00:04:43,960 --> 00:04:41,840 greater than what was expected in 101 00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:43,970 the 90s and for Antarctica the same as 102 00:04:47,649 --> 00:04:45,560 four times greater. 103 00:04:49,510 --> 00:04:47,659 Santiago, could you explain a little 104 00:04:52,940 --> 00:04:49,520 how it will impact us? we see 105 00:05:02,820 --> 00:04:58,620 and well basically it is the reason 106 00:05:08,139 --> 00:05:06,100 and vulnerable to climate change it is 107 00:05:10,070 --> 00:05:08,149 good 108 00:05:13,309 --> 00:05:10,080 practically everything is made up of 109 00:05:15,169 --> 00:05:13,319 large masses of frozen water and in 110 00:05:17,209 --> 00:05:15,179 fact when walking they asked for aliases with the 111 00:05:22,100 --> 00:05:17,219 two reserves of largest fresh water 112 00:05:25,609 --> 00:05:22,110 on the planet and therefore when you have 113 00:05:27,739 --> 00:05:25,619 a small change in the climate 114 00:05:29,299 --> 00:05:27,749 the most evident effect it has since it 115 00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:29,309 is sky 116 00:05:35,209 --> 00:05:31,050 the waves can access or intel as you 117 00:05:38,899 --> 00:05:35,219 say it is increasing this the reason 118 00:05:43,050 --> 00:05:38,909 why it is increasing is this for a 119 00:05:50,379 --> 00:05:46,350 arctic amplification this is what 120 00:05:54,249 --> 00:05:50,389 happens is that two things happen one is 121 00:05:56,140 --> 00:05:54,259 that the natural cycle the poles is where 122 00:05:59,320 --> 00:05:56,150 you have an annual cycle where the 123 00:06:02,249 --> 00:05:59,330 polar caps are subjected to 124 00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:02,259 periods of melting time 125 00:06:07,460 --> 00:06:05,050 small periods of time 126 00:06:09,629 --> 00:06:07,470 and then in winter you have low 127 00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:09,639 temperatures that allow it to be 128 00:06:14,550 --> 00:06:13,120 but now what we are seeing 129 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:14,560 now is that these periods 130 00:06:18,270 --> 00:06:16,090 of melting in summer are 131 00:06:20,129 --> 00:06:18,280 longer and more intense 132 00:06:23,460 --> 00:06:20,139 so the ice does not manage to 133 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:23,470 recover in winter so what is 134 00:06:28,770 --> 00:06:25,090 seen with the arctic application is that 135 00:06:34,090 --> 00:06:28,780 by decreasing the area in 136 00:06:37,060 --> 00:06:34,100 which there is sea ice, 137 00:06:40,990 --> 00:06:37,070 then more solar radiation will be 138 00:06:43,840 --> 00:06:41,000 absorbed because water reflects much 139 00:06:48,550 --> 00:06:43,850 less radiation than ice, 140 00:06:51,460 --> 00:06:48,560 then it leads to a vicious circle 141 00:06:53,590 --> 00:06:51,470 where more radiation is absorbed from the 142 00:06:57,360 --> 00:06:53,600 ocean temperatures the oceans rise 143 00:07:01,390 --> 00:06:57,370 then less ice appears every 144 00:07:04,210 --> 00:07:01,400 spring in the m on the lauric mars 145 00:07:06,280 --> 00:07:04,220 on the other hand this 146 00:07:08,980 --> 00:07:06,290 characteristic electrical storms especially in 147 00:07:12,970 --> 00:07:08,990 the Ecuadorian zones the 148 00:07:14,890 --> 00:07:12,980 tropical zones this transfers energy from the 149 00:07:18,070 --> 00:07:14,900 surface heat energy 150 00:07:22,630 --> 00:07:18,080 allows us to higher zones an atmosphere 151 00:07:24,430 --> 00:07:22,640 and then that energy is transferred towards 152 00:07:27,730 --> 00:07:24,440 the poles to all the 153 00:07:30,130 --> 00:07:27,740 atmospheric currents this caused an even 154 00:07:32,380 --> 00:07:30,140 greater flow of energy from the poles and 155 00:07:34,750 --> 00:07:32,390 contributes to the onslaught of warming 156 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:34,760 development from the equator line not 157 00:07:38,550 --> 00:07:36,650 be so expensive 158 00:07:42,879 --> 00:07:38,560 now what will be the consequences 159 00:07:45,100 --> 00:07:42,889 well this one also of what the lanes 160 00:07:48,189 --> 00:07:45,110 with consequences that it is going to have for the 161 00:07:49,510 --> 00:07:48,199 fascinating fauna and flora of the polar regions, 162 00:07:55,439 --> 00:07:53,379 what it is going to have, in this way, 163 00:07:57,950 --> 00:07:55,449 is openly logical, is an increase in the 164 00:08:01,400 --> 00:07:57,960 average sea level 165 00:08:05,110 --> 00:08:01,410 and changes in marine currents and 166 00:08:12,740 --> 00:08:10,999 a release of even more gas 167 00:08:16,279 --> 00:08:12,750 greenhouse gases particularly 168 00:08:18,529 --> 00:08:16,289 methane because methane exists in 169 00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:18,539 large quantities in places like 170 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:22,250 siberia that are trapped in land 171 00:08:29,749 --> 00:08:26,970 composed mostly of soil in 172 00:08:33,649 --> 00:08:29,759 which it is saturated with water 173 00:08:36,170 --> 00:08:33,659 frozen water water that will be released upon thawing 174 00:08:39,860 --> 00:08:36,180 even more methane then this, 175 00:08:43,310 --> 00:08:39,870 as can be, there are many effects and we still do 176 00:08:47,630 --> 00:08:43,320 not fully understand how the earth in general will 177 00:08:47,630 --> 00:08:51,319 affect the weather system in the next place 178 00:08:56,989 --> 00:08:54,829 and I think that Santiago 179 00:09:00,410 --> 00:08:56,999 ends up talking about the earth in general and that is why 180 00:09:02,210 --> 00:09:00,420 I wanted to enter a little 181 00:09:03,590 --> 00:09:02,220 because the people who are listening and 182 00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:03,600 also the feet who think that 183 00:09:09,350 --> 00:09:05,970 really in the tropical countries of the 184 00:09:11,150 --> 00:09:09,360 world in Latin America' I know we think 185 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:11,160 that we are very far from Antarctica 186 00:09:15,919 --> 00:09:13,290 we think that that continent there does 187 00:09:17,419 --> 00:09:15,929 not affect us much I I would like 188 00:09:18,979 --> 00:09:17,429 you guys to give people who are 189 00:09:22,030 --> 00:09:18,989 listening a sense of how 190 00:09:24,919 --> 00:09:22,040 polar melting could directly and 191 00:09:26,769 --> 00:09:24,929 specifically impact something like 192 00:09:30,049 --> 00:09:26,779 potato crops in the 193 00:09:32,419 --> 00:09:30,059 Bolivian altiplano or fisheries in the 194 00:09:34,819 --> 00:09:32,429 northern regions of Colombia, those kinds of things 195 00:09:36,319 --> 00:09:34,829 so that we appropriate that 196 00:09:38,869 --> 00:09:36,329 Antarctica in our countries is 197 00:09:40,819 --> 00:09:38,879 important that our countries' 198 00:09:43,009 --> 00:09:40,829 biodiversity is so great that it depends 199 00:09:49,950 --> 00:09:43,019 intimately to anticipate that you, as you 200 00:09:49,960 --> 00:09:55,440 any of you 201 00:10:00,240 --> 00:09:57,900 good with respect to that question I think you 202 00:10:02,220 --> 00:10:00,250 could say that everything is 203 00:10:05,010 --> 00:10:02,230 all quite connected In the 204 00:10:07,520 --> 00:10:05,020 climate system, there are different people here who 205 00:10:10,650 --> 00:10:07,530 work in different fields, geology, 206 00:10:12,930 --> 00:10:10,660 business, not graphics, and for example, I work 207 00:10:15,870 --> 00:10:12,940 in parts of clouds and atmosphere, and although there 208 00:10:19,100 --> 00:10:15,880 are different parts of the climate, 209 00:10:22,350 --> 00:10:19,110 everything is connected, we do not have any kind of 210 00:10:25,710 --> 00:10:22,360 borders between the entire system, 211 00:10:30,210 --> 00:10:25,720 so changes that occur all over 212 00:10:32,790 --> 00:10:30,220 the planet are related and can 213 00:10:37,650 --> 00:10:32,800 ultimately affect what can happen 214 00:10:37,650 --> 00:10:39,570 in the medium short and long term in terms of weather, 215 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:43,090 sorry, climate, 216 00:10:56,470 --> 00:10:51,879 and that there is a thaw that influences it 217 00:11:00,100 --> 00:10:56,480 can be changed by 218 00:11:02,499 --> 00:11:00,110 sea currents, ocean salinity 219 00:11:04,720 --> 00:11:02,509 how temperatures are also redistributed 220 00:11:06,819 --> 00:11:04,730 on the surface also another 221 00:11:09,759 --> 00:11:06,829 thing that is discussed in the new panel is 222 00:11:12,670 --> 00:11:09,769 that the lime in the ocean is a 223 00:11:15,400 --> 00:11:12,680 very important part of the climate system 224 00:11:17,769 --> 00:11:15,410 that absorbs a large amount of 225 00:11:21,999 --> 00:11:17,779 greenhouse gases but we do not know to 226 00:11:25,360 --> 00:11:22,009 what extent It will eventually be able to absorb 227 00:11:27,939 --> 00:11:25,370 that ozone. We are also changing a large 228 00:11:31,989 --> 00:11:27,949 part of the earth's surface or 229 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:31,999 forest areas, such as in the Amazon or in 230 00:11:37,989 --> 00:11:34,370 the tropical forests. We are changing 231 00:11:37,989 --> 00:11:41,049 the hydrological cycle. 232 00:11:51,820 --> 00:11:48,790 The system is very complex 233 00:11:53,620 --> 00:11:51,830 and the way it can react we are 234 00:11:56,380 --> 00:11:53,630 seeing that it has a response time 235 00:12:00,560 --> 00:11:56,390 but the effects can 236 00:12:06,290 --> 00:12:04,280 and if I can add 237 00:12:08,300 --> 00:12:06,300 a little more regional effects, we all know that 238 00:12:10,310 --> 00:12:08,310 different regions are affected more, such as 239 00:12:13,250 --> 00:12:10,320 the boy and one of the 240 00:12:16,730 --> 00:12:13,260 predictions that we have is that the 241 00:12:19,820 --> 00:12:16,740 intensity of the boy and girl are going to 242 00:12:22,550 --> 00:12:19,830 increase, for example in areas, let's say, in 243 00:12:25,100 --> 00:12:22,560 South America where it is raining more 244 00:12:27,620 --> 00:12:25,110 due to climate changes, because the 245 00:12:29,240 --> 00:12:27,630 rain will increase even more and in areas 246 00:12:32,210 --> 00:12:29,250 where it is raining less because there will 247 00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:32,220 be less rain and we know, 248 00:12:36,980 --> 00:12:33,930 for example, the terrible effects of El 249 00:12:39,710 --> 00:12:36,990 Niño on the fisheries in the 250 00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:39,720 Pacific and if we have more intense El Niños, 251 00:12:43,880 --> 00:12:41,610 then we know that the effects or 252 00:12:47,030 --> 00:12:43,890 the fisheries will be much 253 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:47,040 greater if we go to have 254 00:12:51,680 --> 00:12:48,930 global effects but we are also going to have 255 00:12:53,540 --> 00:12:51,690 regional effects regional aspects in the 256 00:12:55,250 --> 00:12:53,550 long term are much more difficult to 257 00:12:58,190 --> 00:12:55,260 predict 258 00:13:00,140 --> 00:12:58,200 but we are so certain that 259 00:13:04,460 --> 00:13:00,150 the intensity of the effect such as the boy and 260 00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:08,810 ok regarding the survey of the 261 00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:10,110 sea ​​level we have another question from the 262 00:13:16,490 --> 00:13:13,680 public by cecilia very coming from 263 00:13:17,870 --> 00:13:16,500 google+ and question can you explain what 264 00:13:24,390 --> 00:13:17,880 can happen on the ocean coasts 265 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:27,390 have to first differentiate 266 00:13:32,760 --> 00:13:30,490 what is causing the rise 267 00:13:34,710 --> 00:13:32,770 in sea level ice that is in 268 00:13:36,300 --> 00:13:34,720 the north pole that is sea ice that 269 00:13:38,220 --> 00:13:36,310 is floating on the ocean because 270 00:13:40,650 --> 00:13:38,230 this ice melts that does not contribute 271 00:13:42,090 --> 00:13:40,660 to increasing the sea level 272 00:13:44,190 --> 00:13:42,100 now the ice that is on a 273 00:13:46,380 --> 00:13:44,200 continent such as the ice that 274 00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:46,390 is on greenland or the ice that there is 275 00:13:51,150 --> 00:13:48,370 on Antarctica when it no longer 276 00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:51,160 melts that ice towards the ocean and that if 277 00:13:57,090 --> 00:13:53,290 the sea level increases also 278 00:13:59,940 --> 00:13:57,100 when the water warms the water 279 00:14:01,490 --> 00:13:59,950 expands and that increases the sea level 280 00:14:03,990 --> 00:14:01,500 now what will be the effects 281 00:14:07,140 --> 00:14:04,000 obviously yes sea ​​level rises 282 00:14:09,390 --> 00:14:07,150 coastal areas will be flooded the 283 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:09,400 effects of storms such as 284 00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:12,010 bra cannes are going to feel much more 285 00:14:16,140 --> 00:14:13,510 strongly 286 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:16,150 what are the things we can do 287 00:14:21,410 --> 00:14:19,570 to mitigate this are a very 288 00:14:24,240 --> 00:14:21,420 very difficult question 289 00:14:27,030 --> 00:14:24,250 unfortunately the people who are going to 290 00:14:28,520 --> 00:14:27,040 be most affected particularly in 291 00:14:31,470 --> 00:14:28,530 countries that are developing they 292 00:14:33,750 --> 00:14:31,480 may not have the resources to 293 00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:33,760 mitigate this problem besides moving 294 00:14:38,519 --> 00:14:36,490 away from the coast there is not not 295 00:14:42,059 --> 00:14:38,529 much they can do 296 00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:42,069 in my personal opinion what we have to 297 00:14:44,710 --> 00:14:43,360 do is try to prevent this 298 00:14:46,809 --> 00:14:44,720 problem It 299 00:14:49,929 --> 00:14:46,819 seems to me that the report on the crisis and 300 00:14:54,150 --> 00:14:49,939 well, it has certain proposals that 301 00:14:59,100 --> 00:14:56,910 sense, do you have something else to add? Yes, and 302 00:15:02,730 --> 00:14:59,110 well, I think that the point that Carlos makes 303 00:15:04,639 --> 00:15:02,740 is very important. 304 00:15:08,309 --> 00:15:04,649 coastal, 305 00:15:11,759 --> 00:15:08,319 not from Latin America, well, 306 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:11,769 just think of Brazil, Argentina, 307 00:15:17,879 --> 00:15:14,410 everything is greater for the population of Mexico, it 308 00:15:21,230 --> 00:15:17,889 is also Peruvian, not 309 00:15:26,040 --> 00:15:21,240 Mexico City, well, the whole country, but also 310 00:15:29,699 --> 00:15:26,050 something that is not clear is that when 311 00:15:31,199 --> 00:15:29,709 we talk about good, a meter in the increase 312 00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:31,209 in level 313 00:15:36,929 --> 00:15:33,910 A few millimeters a year sounds like a lot to us, 314 00:15:39,990 --> 00:15:36,939 it is not much and indeed it is not an 315 00:15:42,809 --> 00:15:40,000 average, but what one has to 316 00:15:45,119 --> 00:15:42,819 understand is that the force of the 317 00:15:48,210 --> 00:15:45,129 tidal waves, for example, when there is a 318 00:15:51,449 --> 00:15:48,220 coastal storm, increases 319 00:15:54,660 --> 00:15:51,459 exponentially with the sea level, 320 00:15:56,610 --> 00:15:54,670 so the floods that you can 321 00:15:59,639 --> 00:15:56,620 see for example what happened 322 00:16:03,340 --> 00:15:59,649 last year with the storms also 323 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:03,350 the estimate since there was half a meter 324 00:16:10,710 --> 00:16:08,450 more of flooding of 325 00:16:13,650 --> 00:16:10,720 life 326 00:16:17,269 --> 00:16:13,660 a couple of millimeters in the rise in 327 00:16:18,929 --> 00:16:17,279 sea level this now it is very difficult to 328 00:16:21,210 --> 00:16:18,939 calculate 329 00:16:23,699 --> 00:16:21,220 precisely how much base especially 330 00:16:25,740 --> 00:16:23,709 Because well, you have uncertainty, for 331 00:16:29,309 --> 00:16:25,750 example, in the Amazon, in the Amazon, 332 00:16:32,129 --> 00:16:29,319 the annual cycle of the Amazon can 333 00:16:34,860 --> 00:16:32,139 be up to a millimeter difference in 334 00:16:38,189 --> 00:16:34,870 the sea and the closure of the 335 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:38,199 polar zones, only Greenland has 336 00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:41,050 enough ice to increase the 337 00:16:47,429 --> 00:16:44,290 sea level by seven. meters 338 00:16:50,189 --> 00:16:47,439 Antarctica in total has 445 meters 339 00:16:52,730 --> 00:16:50,199 equivalent to sea level at this 340 00:16:59,990 --> 00:16:52,740 time the consequences could be 341 00:17:05,840 --> 00:17:02,350 wow I think now that we are talking about 342 00:17:09,049 --> 00:17:05,850 mitigation we are not at a point where it is 343 00:17:11,210 --> 00:17:09,059 worth more to think about that is to 344 00:17:13,639 --> 00:17:11,220 say rather see this It's how to 345 00:17:15,919 --> 00:17:13,649 stop a freight train. Yes, I 346 00:17:18,319 --> 00:17:15,929 understand that stopping this issue is very 347 00:17:19,759 --> 00:17:18,329 complicated, so if you have to talk about 348 00:17:23,509 --> 00:17:19,769 stopping it, you have to talk more than anything 349 00:17:26,360 --> 00:17:23,519 about mitigating it and mitigating it, from 350 00:17:28,820 --> 00:17:26,370 the easiest solutions like turning off 351 00:17:32,149 --> 00:17:28,830 the light bulb until you don't live. be calm 352 00:17:34,659 --> 00:17:32,159 even the most interesting and 353 00:17:38,060 --> 00:17:34,669 complicated solutions such as those of geoengineering 354 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:38,070 put mirrors in space that reflect 355 00:17:42,739 --> 00:17:39,330 the sun's rays and what do you think 356 00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:42,749 about this type of mitigation 357 00:17:48,049 --> 00:17:44,970 of the future 358 00:17:50,060 --> 00:17:48,059 I am finding water and I work in the 359 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:50,070 sea I have fun in the sea and I do not live 360 00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:52,010 at each sea 361 00:17:57,789 --> 00:17:54,910 because the effects of hurricanes are 362 00:17:59,710 --> 00:17:57,799 so terrible and 363 00:18:01,299 --> 00:17:59,720 with respect to what 364 00:18:03,820 --> 00:18:01,309 can be done in daily life, 365 00:18:05,070 --> 00:18:03,830 clearly there are things that you can 366 00:18:08,289 --> 00:18:05,080 do to us, such as using, for example, 367 00:18:10,060 --> 00:18:08,299 light bulbs that are more efficient when 368 00:18:12,759 --> 00:18:10,070 we are going to make the decision to buy a 369 00:18:14,979 --> 00:18:12,769 car fortunately now we have 370 00:18:17,289 --> 00:18:14,989 new options that are more efficient 371 00:18:21,340 --> 00:18:17,299 that pollute less the environment 372 00:18:23,740 --> 00:18:21,350 with respect to geoengineering I am a 373 00:18:25,510 --> 00:18:23,750 little more cautious 374 00:18:27,580 --> 00:18:25,520 remember that what we are doing 375 00:18:29,770 --> 00:18:27,590 now is in effect an experiment of 376 00:18:31,990 --> 00:18:29,780 geological scale we are putting 377 00:18:33,790 --> 00:18:32,000 huge amounts of carbon dioxide 378 00:18:36,430 --> 00:18:33,800 into the atmosphere and we are seeing that we 379 00:18:39,280 --> 00:18:36,440 are causing climate change 380 00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:39,290 as a consequence of that i am 381 00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:40,850 concerned about some of these 382 00:18:45,250 --> 00:18:43,610 bioengineering ideas which include putting large 383 00:18:47,650 --> 00:18:45,260 amounts of prayers into the atmosphere 384 00:18:50,020 --> 00:18:47,660 to decrease the amount from 385 00:18:51,910 --> 00:18:50,030 solar radiation or trying to fertilize the ocean 386 00:18:53,770 --> 00:18:51,920 because we don't know the system 387 00:18:55,060 --> 00:18:53,780 well enough to understand 388 00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:55,070 what the side effects are actually going to be 389 00:19:00,310 --> 00:18:57,650 this is like trying to take 390 00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:00,320 a medicine without knowing what the 391 00:19:05,750 --> 00:19:03,510 side effects of these medicines are 392 00:19:09,510 --> 00:19:05,760 not for me personally I am not attracted to 393 00:19:16,509 --> 00:19:11,900 you want to add something more about the general 394 00:19:19,089 --> 00:19:16,519 geoengineering Santiago Antonio, 395 00:19:22,899 --> 00:19:19,099 not particularly the engineering action, 396 00:19:25,959 --> 00:19:22,909 but what I was saying 397 00:19:28,389 --> 00:19:25,969 about mitigation and particularly those 398 00:19:33,909 --> 00:19:28,399 of America, we have a big problem 399 00:19:36,099 --> 00:19:33,919 of corruption in Estepona And 400 00:19:38,909 --> 00:19:36,109 what we have to do as a society and 401 00:19:41,759 --> 00:19:38,919 as a government is this and him 402 00:19:43,499 --> 00:19:41,769 and not identify risk areas, something 403 00:19:47,820 --> 00:19:43,509 that is hardly done in Latin America 404 00:19:52,169 --> 00:19:47,830 and not grant, for example, 405 00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:52,179 construction permits in areas that are not capable 406 00:19:58,580 --> 00:19:56,470 of sustaining lives and you do not see now mexico 407 00:20:02,220 --> 00:19:58,590 has just been hit by hurricanes 408 00:20:05,190 --> 00:20:02,230 400 people died all these 409 00:20:09,419 --> 00:20:05,200 deaths were due to construction in 410 00:20:11,340 --> 00:20:09,429 high risk areas so it is also not 411 00:20:13,590 --> 00:20:11,350 that the government realizes but rather 412 00:20:15,119 --> 00:20:13,600 that it does not act according to the 413 00:20:19,990 --> 00:20:15,129 circumstances and according to the 414 00:20:28,850 --> 00:20:26,170 good, engineering, good, I was commenting on 415 00:20:32,330 --> 00:20:28,860 putting mirrors, well, 416 00:20:34,549 --> 00:20:32,340 the imagination never knows if we can 417 00:20:37,910 --> 00:20:34,559 manage to do such big projects, 418 00:20:41,419 --> 00:20:37,920 but I think that first I think it would be for 419 00:20:44,419 --> 00:20:41,429 people in general to be aware 420 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:44,429 that it is a problem that concerns us 421 00:20:50,060 --> 00:20:47,250 all and that no matter how small changes or 422 00:20:52,669 --> 00:20:50,070 habits that we have daily can 423 00:20:54,799 --> 00:20:52,679 help another part is what 424 00:20:58,160 --> 00:20:54,809 politicians can do is something else 425 00:21:01,820 --> 00:20:58,170 but on a day-to-day level it is to look for 426 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:01,830 alternatives and more than mitigate it is we will 427 00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:03,450 also have to adapt to the 428 00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:05,720 consequences that we may have although 429 00:21:11,810 --> 00:21:09,330 for example another of the things that have been 430 00:21:14,409 --> 00:21:11,820 verified in the latter there is pss is that 431 00:21:16,820 --> 00:21:14,419 aerosols also have a large part, 432 00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:16,830 a good part has an important part in 433 00:21:21,409 --> 00:21:18,630 terms of climate change, the 434 00:21:24,700 --> 00:21:21,419 origin of these aerosols, since it is of 435 00:21:29,769 --> 00:21:24,710 natural or anthropogenic origin, 436 00:21:33,279 --> 00:21:29,779 this type of pollution can be reduced aerosols it 437 00:21:36,609 --> 00:21:33,289 is clear that the most important effect gas 438 00:21:40,899 --> 00:21:36,619 is co2 reduce the emission 439 00:21:43,779 --> 00:21:40,909 of this type of gas but that gas that is 440 00:21:48,159 --> 00:21:43,789 in the atmosphere is there how it is going to be 441 00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:48,169 redistributed it will be to see those changes 442 00:21:53,769 --> 00:21:50,690 how people can go adapting 443 00:21:56,909 --> 00:21:53,779 accordingly As each one can, it 444 00:22:01,389 --> 00:21:56,919 is clear that the countries that have the most 445 00:22:04,450 --> 00:22:01,399 technological development will be able to 446 00:22:08,289 --> 00:22:04,460 face these changes. The change in the 447 00:22:09,940 --> 00:22:08,299 rise in sea level 448 00:22:13,329 --> 00:22:09,950 is completely different in the Netherlands, and at 449 00:22:17,799 --> 00:22:13,339 some point we will have to see how 450 00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:17,809 we can solve or adapt together. to 451 00:22:23,489 --> 00:22:19,820 this change in terms of 452 00:22:27,009 --> 00:22:23,499 engineering sanitation, I think that it is good that 453 00:22:28,899 --> 00:22:27,019 engineers will try to provide 454 00:22:30,969 --> 00:22:28,909 solutions, 455 00:22:34,169 --> 00:22:30,979 things in which everyone can 456 00:22:37,499 --> 00:22:34,179 participate and can 457 00:22:41,490 --> 00:22:37,509 contribute to this medicine where this 458 00:22:43,620 --> 00:22:41,500 change that we are presiding over thank you 459 00:22:46,770 --> 00:22:43,630 very much, we have another question from the 460 00:22:49,380 --> 00:22:46,780 public this one comes from lima carlos 10 13 461 00:22:50,970 --> 00:22:49,390 in class on youtube and asks as a 462 00:22:52,890 --> 00:22:50,980 mechanical engineer what we can do 463 00:22:59,560 --> 00:22:52,900 to convince politicians to 464 00:22:59,570 --> 00:23:04,590 how to convince politicians 465 00:23:10,080 --> 00:23:07,140 most of the politicians in the 466 00:23:13,289 --> 00:23:10,090 world I think that they are convinced 467 00:23:15,520 --> 00:23:13,299 the problem of starting to become a politician 468 00:23:20,270 --> 00:23:15,530 seems to me that there is more, it 469 00:23:26,780 --> 00:23:23,090 the evidence is compelling that we have to 470 00:23:31,180 --> 00:23:26,790 change something unfortunately it is very 471 00:23:33,370 --> 00:23:31,190 difficult to think in the long term 472 00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:33,380 many of many of the changes that 473 00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:35,570 we have to propose may have 474 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:38,510 some short-term effects on the 475 00:23:42,670 --> 00:23:40,970 economy, so I think the 476 00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:42,680 best way to convince politicians 477 00:23:47,920 --> 00:23:46,610 is to try to dissuade them from the fact that 478 00:23:50,590 --> 00:23:47,930 these changes or 479 00:23:54,220 --> 00:23:50,600 technological improvements are going to affect the economy. 480 00:23:57,340 --> 00:23:54,230 An example that I can bring you is every 481 00:23:59,310 --> 00:23:57,350 time a 482 00:24:02,230 --> 00:23:59,320 motor vehicle efficiency improvement is proposed he 483 00:24:03,910 --> 00:24:02,240 always says no this is going to destroy the 484 00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:03,920 auto industry there is no way 485 00:24:08,540 --> 00:24:05,910 we can do this 486 00:24:11,780 --> 00:24:08,550 and maintain a viable industry and that 487 00:24:14,570 --> 00:24:11,790 has never happened when when we try 488 00:24:14,570 --> 00:24:16,310 to impose the montreal protocol regarding 489 00:24:21,019 --> 00:24:18,379 treasury carbide emissions that 490 00:24:22,519 --> 00:24:21,029 were affecting the ozone layer 491 00:24:24,499 --> 00:24:22,529 the reaction was the same all on the 492 00:24:28,150 --> 00:24:24,509 books for the industry in action 493 00:24:29,730 --> 00:24:28,160 disaster no no did not occur 494 00:24:32,170 --> 00:24:29,740 these are things these are 495 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:32,180 technological advances that in the experience 496 00:24:38,260 --> 00:24:35,210 we have had actually result in more 497 00:24:40,690 --> 00:24:38,270 jobs new technology results in 498 00:24:42,610 --> 00:24:40,700 more people working the iv are things that 499 00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:42,620 are beneficial in the long run 500 00:24:46,090 --> 00:24:44,690 i think doing the way maybe to 501 00:24:49,430 --> 00:24:46,100 convince politicians to make them 502 00:24:51,519 --> 00:24:49,440 understand that these changes are 503 00:24:55,990 --> 00:24:51,529 not necessarily going to cost you 504 00:24:59,499 --> 00:24:56,000 jobs if they are implemented correctly 505 00:25:03,529 --> 00:24:59,509 in results in actually producing the 506 00:25:06,049 --> 00:25:03,539 next jobs if you remember that when 507 00:25:08,779 --> 00:25:06,059 we are let's say importing 508 00:25:11,570 --> 00:25:08,789 fossil fuels oil from another 509 00:25:13,310 --> 00:25:11,580 country the money that we were spending on 510 00:25:15,169 --> 00:25:13,320 those fossil fuels a lot of it 511 00:25:16,649 --> 00:25:15,179 is leaving the country it is going 512 00:25:18,779 --> 00:25:16,659 somewhere else 513 00:25:21,570 --> 00:25:18,789 if we started to implement 514 00:25:25,289 --> 00:25:21,580 measures such as using 515 00:25:28,109 --> 00:25:25,299 solar heaters producing electricity 516 00:25:29,820 --> 00:25:28,119 through windmills these are 517 00:25:33,749 --> 00:25:29,830 things that cannot be exported they have to 518 00:25:35,190 --> 00:25:33,759 be produced in the country and they are 519 00:25:39,029 --> 00:25:35,200 things that create jobs and I think 520 00:25:40,919 --> 00:25:39,039 the key is to sell them the solution 521 00:25:43,229 --> 00:25:40,929 using the The currency that politicians 522 00:25:45,989 --> 00:25:43,239 understand, and the currency that politicians 523 00:25:55,169 --> 00:25:45,999 understand best, is that of jobs and 524 00:26:01,600 --> 00:25:58,120 If I didn't want to also add that the 525 00:26:04,539 --> 00:26:01,610 effects of climate change are going to 526 00:26:06,909 --> 00:26:04,549 vary a lot from region to region, from country 527 00:26:09,930 --> 00:26:06,919 to country, I'm not I'm sure if this 528 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:09,940 question came, for example, 529 00:26:14,460 --> 00:26:12,610 the economic and 530 00:26:17,070 --> 00:26:14,470 human effects in Peru due to climate change 531 00:26:22,230 --> 00:26:17,080 are being 532 00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:22,240 considered because all 533 00:26:27,180 --> 00:26:24,970 hydrological cycles are being modified on 534 00:26:31,710 --> 00:26:27,190 which they depend, because the vast 535 00:26:35,810 --> 00:26:31,720 majority of those of the peasants 536 00:26:39,630 --> 00:26:35,820 in the country then it immediately 537 00:26:43,080 --> 00:26:39,640 identifies which are the most 538 00:26:46,410 --> 00:26:43,090 affected areas in your own area and gives you an 539 00:26:48,780 --> 00:26:46,420 idea of ​​how one can raise awareness 540 00:26:50,730 --> 00:26:48,790 in society and once 541 00:26:55,060 --> 00:26:50,740 society is interested the same 542 00:26:59,379 --> 00:26:57,100 good thank you very much we have another 543 00:27:00,249 --> 00:26:59,389 question about sea ​​level rise 544 00:27:07,049 --> 00:27:04,019 tony jimenez asks us on twitter 545 00:27:08,549 --> 00:27:07,059 how many meters or centimeters per year 546 00:27:14,930 --> 00:27:08,559 the sea could rise with climate change 547 00:27:22,690 --> 00:27:19,190 if the predictions depend on 548 00:27:26,230 --> 00:27:22,700 what type of scenario occurs, let 549 00:27:28,570 --> 00:27:26,240 me explain when 550 00:27:30,790 --> 00:27:28,580 these numerical models are run in asunción de 551 00:27:34,870 --> 00:27:30,800 when how much carbon dioxide is going to 552 00:27:38,500 --> 00:27:34,880 be emitted in the decisions that 553 00:27:41,290 --> 00:27:38,510 legislators make if the 554 00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:41,300 technologies exist the increases vary from 555 00:27:47,560 --> 00:27:45,650 millimeters per year and what we expect is 556 00:27:48,870 --> 00:27:47,570 that there will be an increase that is close to 557 00:27:51,780 --> 00:27:48,880 one meter 558 00:27:55,740 --> 00:27:51,790 at the end of the heights but again 559 00:27:58,350 --> 00:27:55,750 this it depends on what steps are 560 00:28:00,180 --> 00:27:58,360 taken if they are taken to mitigate 561 00:28:04,050 --> 00:28:00,190 to decrease the amount of 562 00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:04,060 carbon dioxide that is put into the unit it is very 563 00:28:09,360 --> 00:28:07,090 difficult it is difficult to come up with a 564 00:28:11,490 --> 00:28:09,370 clear answer to this because we don't know 565 00:28:13,710 --> 00:28:11,500 for sure how much 566 00:28:16,020 --> 00:28:13,720 carbon dioxide we are going to to be emitting because we 567 00:28:17,810 --> 00:28:16,030 do know that there is already enough 568 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:17,820 energy in the system 569 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:23,110 and to continue the increase in sea level 570 00:28:28,330 --> 00:28:26,020 I don't know if they will tell you you have your 571 00:28:31,540 --> 00:28:28,340 other question María Ángel has asked 572 00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:31,550 about the amount of 573 00:28:36,490 --> 00:28:33,890 carbon dioxide that is being emitted to the 574 00:28:38,740 --> 00:28:36,500 atmosphere I understand that the 575 00:28:42,610 --> 00:28:38,750 Alaskan tundra, for example, is like a 576 00:28:45,280 --> 00:28:42,620 large hidden reservoir of 577 00:28:47,890 --> 00:28:45,290 carbon dioxide as 578 00:28:50,590 --> 00:28:47,900 this permafrost melts it is as if there were a 579 00:28:52,980 --> 00:28:50,600 big city and emitting gases is 580 00:28:55,020 --> 00:28:52,990 that correct or I imagined it 581 00:28:58,110 --> 00:28:55,030 correct 582 00:28:59,300 --> 00:28:58,120 and it is not very hidden there is not a 583 00:29:02,070 --> 00:28:59,310 large amount of organic matter either 584 00:29:04,530 --> 00:29:02,080 remember when organic matter 585 00:29:07,410 --> 00:29:04,540 decomposes carbon dioxide is produced 586 00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:07,420 but the worst thing is that what is going to 587 00:29:12,270 --> 00:29:09,850 start to be released is methane and 588 00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:12,280 methane is a greenhouse gas that it's about 589 00:29:18,660 --> 00:29:16,090 20 times more effective at warming the 590 00:29:20,850 --> 00:29:18,670 planet than carbon dioxide and there are 591 00:29:23,220 --> 00:29:20,860 huge amounts of methane in the 592 00:29:25,830 --> 00:29:23,230 tundra these gases are releasing to us 593 00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:25,840 because it won't have very low temperatures 594 00:29:30,420 --> 00:29:28,510 right now and it's low temperatures because 595 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:30,430 they inhibit bacterial growth in 596 00:29:34,110 --> 00:29:31,930 bacteria when it's Like when you put 597 00:29:36,930 --> 00:29:34,120 meat in the fridge so it doesn't rot, it 598 00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:36,940 's not the same if you increase the temperature 599 00:29:40,860 --> 00:29:38,890 of the fridge with the meat, it rots and 600 00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:40,870 starts to release gases. The same thing is 601 00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:42,850 happening in the car where right now the 602 00:29:47,250 --> 00:29:44,770 temperatures are low but they are 603 00:29:49,710 --> 00:29:47,260 increasing consistently and we are 604 00:29:51,810 --> 00:29:49,720 experiencing seeing transport we are 605 00:29:53,610 --> 00:29:51,820 beginning bertrán more transport of 606 00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:53,620 organic matter from before the tundra 607 00:29:59,279 --> 00:29:55,690 to the oceans 608 00:30:04,649 --> 00:29:59,289 and that is not a good scenario it is not something 609 00:30:10,529 --> 00:30:07,139 thank you very much we have another question from the 610 00:30:12,299 --> 00:30:10,539 public of gustavo lópez what question 611 00:30:13,830 --> 00:30:12,309 can we To say that the high temperatures 612 00:30:14,969 --> 00:30:13,840 that occur are due to climate change, 613 00:30:18,479 --> 00:30:16,769 perhaps we could discuss a little 614 00:30:20,489 --> 00:30:18,489 what the different expeditions are 615 00:30:30,419 --> 00:30:20,499 for the different areas of the planet, 616 00:30:38,350 --> 00:30:36,070 yes, well, at a base level, depending 617 00:30:38,350 --> 00:30:40,480 on each of the scenarios, there is a 618 00:30:45,470 --> 00:30:43,419 global temperature increase, but this increase is at the average level, it 619 00:30:50,299 --> 00:30:47,810 is clear that there will be some regions in 620 00:30:53,060 --> 00:30:50,309 which this increase will be more evident than in 621 00:30:56,130 --> 00:30:53,070 others, depending on how 622 00:30:59,010 --> 00:30:56,140 my colleague Carlos had commented on 623 00:31:02,550 --> 00:30:59,020 regional conditions, it depends a lot on 624 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:02,560 what that region is like Could that 625 00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:06,010 temperature be affected by there being a 626 00:31:13,499 --> 00:31:09,210 more evident increase, 627 00:31:16,680 --> 00:31:13,509 obviously there are cases in which it is 628 00:31:19,889 --> 00:31:16,690 seen that this increase, as I have 629 00:31:22,710 --> 00:31:19,899 told you, is repeating itself in the polar masses, 630 00:31:24,450 --> 00:31:22,720 if it melts it is because there has to 631 00:31:26,430 --> 00:31:24,460 be an increase in temperature 632 00:31:30,419 --> 00:31:26,440 as well It can be seen in a large part of 633 00:31:33,719 --> 00:31:30,429 the glaciers, especially in Europe and 634 00:31:36,479 --> 00:31:33,729 it has delicacies or there are obvious 635 00:31:38,340 --> 00:31:36,489 images in which it is seen that there is an 636 00:31:40,680 --> 00:31:38,350 increase in temperature 637 00:31:44,730 --> 00:31:40,690 after that, with also how they are seen in 638 00:31:48,750 --> 00:31:44,740 the surface temperatures of the 639 00:31:51,360 --> 00:31:48,760 oceans, how It can increase the 640 00:31:55,650 --> 00:31:51,370 circulation of air masses and 641 00:31:59,450 --> 00:31:55,660 water vapor, creating more changes in the 642 00:32:04,669 --> 00:32:01,460 Thank you, Toni, we have another question from the 643 00:32:04,669 --> 00:32:07,039 public that talks a little about the future, 644 00:32:12,860 --> 00:32:09,950 what are you waiting for? for 645 00:32:15,409 --> 00:32:12,870 paris cop 2015 we can reach an 646 00:32:17,419 --> 00:32:15,419 international agreement if you are not very 647 00:32:19,279 --> 00:32:17,429 sure or about how to answer this 648 00:32:22,549 --> 00:32:19,289 we could talk about what is coming now what 649 00:32:23,870 --> 00:32:22,559 is the next to this new report on 650 00:32:26,780 --> 00:32:23,880 climate change what is it that we have to 651 00:32:30,380 --> 00:32:28,970 now we have to read it because we just it 652 00:32:33,750 --> 00:32:30,390 came out 653 00:32:38,830 --> 00:32:35,950 because it is 654 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:38,840 up to legislators 655 00:32:44,230 --> 00:32:41,690 in all countries to decide what they want to 656 00:32:46,870 --> 00:32:44,240 do we scientists have 657 00:32:49,660 --> 00:32:46,880 a very clear job we do not make 658 00:32:51,940 --> 00:32:49,670 public policy all we 659 00:32:53,980 --> 00:32:51,950 can do is inform 660 00:32:57,450 --> 00:32:53,990 decision makers 661 00:33:04,330 --> 00:33:02,140 Fortunately, NASA has a good 662 00:33:06,420 --> 00:33:04,340 number of satellite sensors that 663 00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:06,430 are offering the necessary data 664 00:33:14,529 --> 00:33:11,210 to be able to inform 665 00:33:16,180 --> 00:33:14,539 legislators and a large number of 666 00:33:19,060 --> 00:33:16,190 scientists that you can do everything you 667 00:33:21,610 --> 00:33:19,070 can to be able to try to 668 00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:21,620 provide this information, so we have 669 00:33:26,950 --> 00:33:23,570 We have to digest the information that comes from the 670 00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:26,960 report and do the best we can 671 00:33:31,389 --> 00:33:29,330 to inform the public what 672 00:33:38,060 --> 00:33:31,399 we expected and it's up to the politicians 673 00:33:45,290 --> 00:33:41,030 and I had the question of 674 00:33:47,870 --> 00:33:45,300 the ocean acidification issue why 675 00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:47,880 what happens what are the mechanisms if 676 00:33:52,220 --> 00:33:49,710 we could go into details what happens 677 00:33:55,070 --> 00:33:52,230 with the coral reefs how is 678 00:33:57,420 --> 00:33:55,080 this whole cycle of sea acidification 679 00:33:59,790 --> 00:33:57,430 due to co2 680 00:34:01,740 --> 00:33:59,800 if by increasing the concentrations of 681 00:34:05,030 --> 00:34:01,750 carbon dioxide in the atmosphere this 682 00:34:08,460 --> 00:34:05,040 has already been carbon dissolves 683 00:34:09,909 --> 00:34:08,470 and the effect is that carbonic acid is formed 684 00:34:09,919 --> 00:34:13,540 and the ocean becomes better so we 685 00:34:21,460 --> 00:34:17,290 have already experienced an increase in the 686 00:34:24,700 --> 00:34:21,470 ideas of the ocean and the effects well, they 687 00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:24,710 are quite drastic there are 688 00:34:30,260 --> 00:34:27,450 many organisms in the ocean 689 00:34:33,440 --> 00:34:30,270 and whose exoskeleton whose structure is 690 00:34:37,099 --> 00:34:33,450 composed of calcium carbonate and 691 00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:37,109 carbonate 2 dissolves when the 692 00:34:41,169 --> 00:34:39,690 conditions are more acidic if you 693 00:34:44,629 --> 00:34:41,179 want to see a very clear example 694 00:34:46,790 --> 00:34:44,639 grab a shell a clam and throw it 695 00:34:50,450 --> 00:34:46,800 in vinegar and you will see how it 696 00:34:51,980 --> 00:34:50,460 begins to dissolve of course that's not the 697 00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:51,990 corrals I don't know they're dissolving like that 698 00:34:58,579 --> 00:34:54,690 so fast and so dramatically 699 00:35:01,250 --> 00:34:58,589 but all it does is it increases the 700 00:35:03,470 --> 00:35:01,260 stress of making life more difficult for 701 00:35:05,540 --> 00:35:03,480 these organisms they require more energy 702 00:35:08,510 --> 00:35:05,550 to reproduce they require more 703 00:35:10,460 --> 00:35:08,520 energy to grow and I think we've 704 00:35:13,970 --> 00:35:10,470 even seen some 705 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:13,980 effects in the food chain in 706 00:35:17,270 --> 00:35:15,810 places like the Northeast of the 707 00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:17,280 United States and for 708 00:35:22,609 --> 00:35:19,920 example an effect is being seen on the amount of 709 00:35:23,990 --> 00:35:22,619 salmon and basically because it affects the 710 00:35:25,670 --> 00:35:24,000 food chain very 711 00:35:27,430 --> 00:35:25,680 small organisms that have 712 00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:27,440 calcium carbonate structures 713 00:35:32,359 --> 00:35:30,420 begin to dissolve they begin to die 714 00:35:34,700 --> 00:35:32,369 that has an effect on the 715 00:35:36,900 --> 00:35:34,710 food chain that is 716 00:35:38,910 --> 00:35:36,910 completely transmitted directly and let's say 717 00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:38,920 fish that are the ones that feed on 718 00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:41,190 these organisms 719 00:35:46,670 --> 00:35:42,970 definitely to effects on 720 00:35:50,270 --> 00:35:46,680 corals and effects on 721 00:35:51,620 --> 00:35:50,280 small organisms such as zooplankton 722 00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:51,630 and there is nothing there is nothing well and this is something 723 00:35:55,460 --> 00:35:53,970 that is not debatable when the 724 00:35:55,940 --> 00:35:55,470 amount of carbon dioxide in the 725 00:35:58,790 --> 00:35:55,950 atmosphere increases 726 00:36:02,150 --> 00:35:58,800 we enter carbon dioxide from the ocean and 727 00:36:04,540 --> 00:36:02,160 the ideas of the ocean increases this is not 728 00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:04,550 something that is being debated 729 00:36:08,930 --> 00:36:07,200 remotely and it is an effect that we are 730 00:36:11,549 --> 00:36:08,940 seeing and what We are being able to measure 731 00:36:16,309 --> 00:36:14,189 very well, and from the acidification of the 732 00:36:19,279 --> 00:36:16,319 oceans we went to hurricanes. 733 00:36:23,370 --> 00:36:19,289 We have a question from Eric, if your 734 00:36:24,929 --> 00:36:23,380 twitter household that asks 735 00:36:26,820 --> 00:36:24,939 will hurricanes be more intense, 736 00:36:29,850 --> 00:36:26,830 Toni, 737 00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:29,860 will they be more intense 738 00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:33,850 ? We know that a large part 739 00:36:40,020 --> 00:36:35,650 of hurricanes originate 740 00:36:42,630 --> 00:36:40,030 in the tropics and flow apart due to 741 00:36:44,250 --> 00:36:42,640 air currents and also because of how 742 00:36:46,010 --> 00:36:44,260 the temperatures that we have on the 743 00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:46,020 sea surface are, we know that the 744 00:36:51,870 --> 00:36:48,850 planet is heating up, especially 745 00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:51,880 that the sea and the water have that 746 00:36:59,310 --> 00:36:54,510 calorific capacity to store so much energy 747 00:37:02,210 --> 00:36:59,320 that more and more water vapor is being injected 748 00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:02,220 into the superficial layers, 749 00:37:07,140 --> 00:37:05,410 so bigger and bigger storms can originate. 750 00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:07,150 In fact, sandy 751 00:37:13,170 --> 00:37:09,610 has been commented on the last hurricanes, we 752 00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:13,180 also have Katrina, there are 753 00:37:19,290 --> 00:37:14,890 quite a few hurricanes that have 754 00:37:21,050 --> 00:37:19,300 The coastal areas have been affected quite intensely, 755 00:37:26,380 --> 00:37:24,020 so that they are going to intensify and not 756 00:37:28,760 --> 00:37:26,390 only the issue of hurricanes, but also 757 00:37:35,450 --> 00:37:28,770 storms that occur in areas of the 758 00:37:38,750 --> 00:37:35,460 Mediterranean, large masses of 759 00:37:41,240 --> 00:37:38,760 water vapor that move very quickly and 760 00:37:43,220 --> 00:37:41,250 have a very rapid cyclogenesis. They 761 00:37:44,840 --> 00:37:43,230 produce very 762 00:37:48,170 --> 00:37:44,850 large specifications, they do not become hurricanes, but 763 00:37:50,810 --> 00:37:48,180 the regional effects are important, that 764 00:37:55,559 --> 00:37:50,820 is, they are intensifying, these 765 00:38:00,270 --> 00:37:57,989 and if I wanted to add, remember that it is 766 00:38:03,180 --> 00:38:00,280 very difficult to attribute to 767 00:38:04,660 --> 00:38:03,190 or any hurricane an effect of climate change. 768 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:06,910 that what is happening is that 769 00:38:13,700 --> 00:38:11,010 we are creating conditions that 770 00:38:16,580 --> 00:38:13,710 and make it easier for storms to be 771 00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:16,590 stronger simply by adding 772 00:38:20,930 --> 00:38:18,810 this results in more water vapor in the 773 00:38:23,390 --> 00:38:20,940 atmosphere this results in 774 00:38:27,020 --> 00:38:23,400 rainfall events that are stronger even the 775 00:38:29,480 --> 00:38:27,030 strongest it seems that it's not intuitive 776 00:38:31,010 --> 00:38:29,490 but warming of the earth can 777 00:38:32,900 --> 00:38:31,020 result in even 778 00:38:34,610 --> 00:38:32,910 heavier snowfall simply because there is more 779 00:38:38,830 --> 00:38:34,620 water vapor in the atmosphere and the 780 00:38:44,710 --> 00:38:42,160 but in general hurricanes are 781 00:38:47,260 --> 00:38:44,720 basically machines that work and that they are 782 00:38:49,150 --> 00:38:47,270 created due to the heat that is on 783 00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:49,160 the surface of the ocean and although we cannot 784 00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:51,050 attribute a 785 00:38:57,130 --> 00:38:54,050 particular hurricane a relationship with 786 00:38:59,140 --> 00:38:57,140 the warming of the earth 787 00:39:00,910 --> 00:38:59,150 clearly the conditions for the 788 00:39:04,539 --> 00:39:00,920 formation of hurricanes and they may be 789 00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:04,549 because they are improving and that is not good 790 00:39:09,730 --> 00:39:06,710 to participate particularly for those who 791 00:39:11,849 --> 00:39:09,740 continue to live near the coasts I 792 00:39:15,250 --> 00:39:11,859 go out here because since I live in Miami I 793 00:39:17,589 --> 00:39:15,260 hear here I hear a lot of people say oh 794 00:39:19,420 --> 00:39:17,599 but we haven't had hurricanes again 795 00:39:21,789 --> 00:39:19,430 so what does it matter then one thing 796 00:39:23,799 --> 00:39:21,799 is the trajectory that the hurricane follows and 797 00:39:25,180 --> 00:39:23,809 what will be influencing that the 798 00:39:27,250 --> 00:39:25,190 hurricanes are following a 799 00:39:29,170 --> 00:39:27,260 trajectory that for some time has not 800 00:39:30,849 --> 00:39:29,180 touched the south of the priority by 10 and tex 801 00:39:32,740 --> 00:39:30,859 with the intensity that is that people 802 00:39:34,420 --> 00:39:32,750 confuse they are their head true no and we 803 00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:34,430 are not really experiencing a 804 00:39:41,550 --> 00:39:37,970 decrease that we do not see them close 805 00:39:43,650 --> 00:39:41,560 we always that is correct 806 00:39:47,010 --> 00:39:43,660 hurricanes are two very complicated phenomena that 807 00:39:51,240 --> 00:39:49,770 is to say that every time I hear the 808 00:39:54,720 --> 00:39:51,250 news that says that the hurricane 809 00:39:58,170 --> 00:39:54,730 deviated safely into the 810 00:39:59,700 --> 00:39:58,180 middle of the ocean I tremble because what 811 00:40:01,350 --> 00:39:59,710 happens to buyers and 812 00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:01,360 boaters that they were sailing through the 813 00:40:10,500 --> 00:40:07,280 well there for example last year 814 00:40:12,420 --> 00:40:10,510 sandy that it is a storm 815 00:40:15,259 --> 00:40:12,430 there is a direct relationship to 816 00:40:19,359 --> 00:40:15,269 climate change and it is that there was an 817 00:40:25,539 --> 00:40:23,200 with a zone of high pressure king in 818 00:40:28,920 --> 00:40:25,549 southern greenland that was pushing all of the 819 00:40:32,910 --> 00:40:28,930 north towards the 820 00:40:34,769 --> 00:40:32,920 east coast of the usa so to start there 821 00:40:37,049 --> 00:40:34,779 you already have 822 00:40:40,049 --> 00:40:37,059 a case where the climate actually 823 00:40:43,890 --> 00:40:40,059 changed and produced such a consequence in the 824 00:40:47,189 --> 00:40:43,900 path of the storms it is a bit 825 00:40:49,439 --> 00:40:47,199 anecdotal but there is the rotation 826 00:40:51,839 --> 00:40:49,449 as is the evaluation of the intensity 827 00:40:55,229 --> 00:40:51,849 of the hurricane with the surface with the 828 00:40:58,009 --> 00:40:55,239 portrait of the surface either there is no 829 00:41:01,499 --> 00:40:58,019 direct relationship without prayer or it is 830 00:41:04,859 --> 00:41:01,509 increasing in temperature the 831 00:41:08,080 --> 00:41:04,869 storms could become much 832 00:41:12,310 --> 00:41:10,600 very well there are about 20 minutes left without a 833 00:41:13,810 --> 00:41:12,320 hangout and we have at least 3 834 00:41:15,940 --> 00:41:13,820 more questions from the public to see if 835 00:41:18,340 --> 00:41:15,950 we can answer them all and if someone 836 00:41:20,530 --> 00:41:18,350 else is encouraged to ask something you can 837 00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:20,540 do it through youtube in the 838 00:41:23,890 --> 00:41:22,970 comments section or in google plus or on 839 00:41:26,050 --> 00:41:23,900 twitter 840 00:41:28,300 --> 00:41:26,060 using the hashtag ask güeyma 841 00:41:31,180 --> 00:41:28,310 in the first question is from tony 842 00:41:32,980 --> 00:41:31,190 jimenez what question are the 843 00:41:35,290 --> 00:41:32,990 poles expected to melt more than expected or are they going 844 00:41:37,690 --> 00:41:35,300 at the rate that was predicted seems to be a 845 00:41:40,030 --> 00:41:37,700 question for you santiago 846 00:41:43,720 --> 00:41:40,040 more than necessary I don't know exactly what 847 00:41:46,390 --> 00:41:43,730 that is but definitely the 848 00:41:51,820 --> 00:41:46,400 projections so far have been 849 00:41:55,210 --> 00:41:51,830 rather conservative still in 2008 850 00:41:57,520 --> 00:41:55,220 Talking that the Arctic is going to 851 00:42:00,790 --> 00:41:57,530 remain in sea ice was a bit 852 00:42:04,780 --> 00:42:00,800 daring and now only five years 853 00:42:07,930 --> 00:42:04,790 later it is already this is a fact that the 854 00:42:08,860 --> 00:42:07,940 sea in the Arctic is going to disappear in the 855 00:42:15,130 --> 00:42:08,870 next decades 856 00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:15,140 in the summer then then I think that in 857 00:42:21,670 --> 00:42:17,510 fact our models are not advancing with the 858 00:42:26,960 --> 00:42:21,680 speed with which data 859 00:42:32,390 --> 00:42:29,810 that influence the melting of the 860 00:42:35,240 --> 00:42:32,400 polar caps are changing now there is still 861 00:42:37,210 --> 00:42:35,250 a lot that we do not understand that the 862 00:42:39,440 --> 00:42:37,220 conclusions vary from year to year 863 00:42:41,940 --> 00:42:39,450 as we have more and more 864 00:42:48,060 --> 00:42:44,730 what What I can say is that in 865 00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:48,070 certain areas the melting is 866 00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:51,010 irreversible in glaciers that 867 00:42:56,609 --> 00:42:54,310 end in an ocean, possibly with the 868 00:42:58,530 --> 00:42:56,619 exception of some glaciers in 869 00:43:01,260 --> 00:42:58,540 Patagonia, for example, 870 00:43:04,750 --> 00:43:01,270 Amaya, two lasers will go back 871 00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:04,760 until they reach Luján, 872 00:43:11,920 --> 00:43:09,530 in the alpine zone. The salt glaciers 873 00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:11,930 in Europe are going to another part of the 874 00:43:17,350 --> 00:43:15,050 next 50 years but in the cndh they are going to 875 00:43:20,050 --> 00:43:17,360 recede and they are going to lose a lot of their 876 00:43:24,310 --> 00:43:20,060 mass in the next centuries but 877 00:43:26,950 --> 00:43:24,320 again not all beings follow the same 878 00:43:29,710 --> 00:43:26,960 time scale or not they repeat themselves 879 00:43:32,980 --> 00:43:29,720 faster than others so this one if we 880 00:43:36,610 --> 00:43:32,990 have to analyze by case no line 881 00:43:39,859 --> 00:43:36,620 arctic and antarctica are two 882 00:43:41,839 --> 00:43:39,869 different beasts and so we analyze them 883 00:43:43,670 --> 00:43:41,849 very well and the next question has 884 00:43:46,099 --> 00:43:43,680 to do with scientific communication so I would 885 00:43:48,680 --> 00:43:46,109 ask you angela since 886 00:43:51,470 --> 00:43:48,690 you are a science communicator and it comes from 887 00:43:53,420 --> 00:43:51,480 iván fernando gonzález who asks what 888 00:43:55,400 --> 00:43:53,430 to do when reports from respected 889 00:43:57,650 --> 00:43:55,410 world entities are denied by a 890 00:43:59,210 --> 00:43:57,660 minority without scientific backing how to 891 00:44:02,510 --> 00:43:59,220 connect effectively to 892 00:44:04,160 --> 00:44:02,520 communicate this important information 893 00:44:05,870 --> 00:44:04,170 angela how do you think scientists 894 00:44:07,700 --> 00:44:05,880 could do a better job to 895 00:44:10,220 --> 00:44:07,710 communicate the new discoveries 896 00:44:12,410 --> 00:44:10,230 on climate change very good 897 00:44:14,310 --> 00:44:12,420 question and I congratulate the listener for 898 00:44:16,470 --> 00:44:14,320 making it 899 00:44:18,980 --> 00:44:16,480 the report has to be well 900 00:44:21,780 --> 00:44:18,990 informed and does not have to, as we say, 901 00:44:24,960 --> 00:44:21,790 swallow it whole so a reporter 902 00:44:27,780 --> 00:44:24,970 who knows the science is now the one to 903 00:44:29,450 --> 00:44:27,790 ask simply what The first thing you are going 904 00:44:33,120 --> 00:44:29,460 to do is go to the 905 00:44:35,340 --> 00:44:33,130 accredited entities and really make sure you 906 00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:35,350 read the scientific reports to talk to 907 00:44:40,440 --> 00:44:38,770 people like our three panelists and not 908 00:44:42,210 --> 00:44:40,450 do what many of 909 00:44:44,190 --> 00:44:42,220 our newspaper editors say and that is that 910 00:44:47,790 --> 00:44:44,200 they tend to allocate you the same 911 00:44:50,070 --> 00:44:47,800 amount of text or the same amount of 912 00:44:51,870 --> 00:44:50,080 air time to two theories that are 913 00:44:55,410 --> 00:44:51,880 opposed while there is a theory that 914 00:44:57,300 --> 00:44:55,420 has a 95% consensus in the 915 00:44:58,920 --> 00:44:57,310 world scientific community versus one 916 00:45:01,320 --> 00:44:58,930 that has a 5 percent consensus 917 00:45:03,540 --> 00:45:01,330 then that should be the the first time 918 00:45:07,320 --> 00:45:03,550 he threw the journalist well no I am not going 919 00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:07,330 to give so much importance to what 920 00:45:12,770 --> 00:45:11,110 this minority has naturally that he does not 921 00:45:14,850 --> 00:45:12,780 mention it because that is part of the 922 00:45:17,490 --> 00:45:14,860 let's say the culture of what is 923 00:45:21,750 --> 00:45:17,500 happening but definitely 924 00:45:23,430 --> 00:45:21,760 it is simply to mention it but with 925 00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:23,440 weapons of understanding, that is to say, 926 00:45:25,890 --> 00:45:25,210 then one goes and asks this 927 00:45:27,360 --> 00:45:25,900 minority, 928 00:45:29,730 --> 00:45:27,370 you must take our data, 929 00:45:31,710 --> 00:45:29,740 you and you have to go to him because he 930 00:45:34,620 --> 00:45:31,720 because he because until you get to this 931 00:45:36,780 --> 00:45:34,630 granite that finally disarms it as 932 00:45:39,210 --> 00:45:36,790 happened to me but the question is 933 00:45:43,050 --> 00:45:39,220 Excellent, 934 00:45:45,270 --> 00:45:43,060 well, and the scientists wanted to comment 935 00:45:47,220 --> 00:45:45,280 on how they think the 936 00:45:50,750 --> 00:45:47,230 scientific community could better explain what 937 00:45:58,310 --> 00:45:53,300 I think that scientists do a 938 00:46:01,250 --> 00:45:58,320 job that is in front of the 939 00:46:03,590 --> 00:46:01,260 investigation, searching with the 940 00:46:05,440 --> 00:46:03,600 tools we have with satellites 941 00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:05,450 with 942 00:46:10,990 --> 00:46:09,010 all the comfort and trying to 943 00:46:13,930 --> 00:46:11,000 understand what is happening with our 944 00:46:16,060 --> 00:46:13,940 system, that is, with a climate system, we 945 00:46:18,339 --> 00:46:16,070 should possibly make it 946 00:46:21,460 --> 00:46:18,349 easier to explain the simplest things, 947 00:46:25,569 --> 00:46:21,470 but the problem is really 948 00:46:28,660 --> 00:46:25,579 complicated because it is not the light at home, 949 00:46:33,660 --> 00:46:28,670 it is the entire planet and as I said At the 950 00:46:37,740 --> 00:46:33,670 beginning of Google, there are no borders and 951 00:46:41,309 --> 00:46:37,750 many changes accumulate and the system 952 00:46:44,190 --> 00:46:41,319 has to adapt to that, it has to 953 00:46:47,730 --> 00:46:44,200 respond to these changes and we don't know 954 00:46:50,940 --> 00:46:47,740 how the air masses are there, 955 00:46:55,289 --> 00:46:50,950 the ice masses are in large quantities and 956 00:46:58,740 --> 00:46:55,299 only the biosphere is not only the 957 00:47:01,140 --> 00:46:58,750 human being all the living beings on 958 00:47:04,289 --> 00:47:01,150 the planet have to adapt they 959 00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:04,299 believe it in their word where they will have to 960 00:47:09,470 --> 00:47:06,810 go what they can do 961 00:47:11,380 --> 00:47:09,480 is very complicated we have to make it 962 00:47:15,020 --> 00:47:11,390 easier and I think it is to look for 963 00:47:17,780 --> 00:47:15,030 solutions the idea is to see what It is what 964 00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:17,790 is happening and why obviously 965 00:47:23,340 --> 00:47:20,310 we have these changes but looking for a 966 00:47:25,590 --> 00:47:23,350 solution to adapt 967 00:47:27,180 --> 00:47:25,600 to the changes that await us 968 00:47:29,310 --> 00:47:27,190 very well because on the one hand we have 969 00:47:31,920 --> 00:47:29,320 Angela saying that journalists 970 00:47:35,280 --> 00:47:31,930 have to play a better role in only going to 971 00:47:37,080 --> 00:47:35,290 experts and not going to the skeptic on 972 00:47:39,270 --> 00:47:37,090 duty to give the opposite vision in 973 00:47:42,030 --> 00:47:39,280 their stories, no, and on the other hand, as 974 00:47:43,680 --> 00:47:42,040 Tony tells us, it is a 975 00:47:46,470 --> 00:47:43,690 very complex problem that is sometimes difficult to 976 00:47:49,020 --> 00:47:46,480 communicate and we also have to start 977 00:47:51,150 --> 00:47:49,030 talking about adaptation, changing the 978 00:47:53,670 --> 00:47:51,160 subject, we have another question from tony 979 00:47:55,860 --> 00:47:53,680 jimenez, what is your question, will there be any 980 00:47:57,510 --> 00:47:55,870 negative changes in the short term in five years from now on 981 00:47:59,760 --> 00:47:57,520 the planet, unfortunately due to 982 00:48:01,950 --> 00:47:59,770 climate change, we could start, for 983 00:48:03,690 --> 00:48:01,960 example, with Santiago, with the 984 00:48:08,279 --> 00:48:03,700 polar regions that we hope to see in the 985 00:48:11,620 --> 00:48:11,079 we don't even have to wait five 986 00:48:15,849 --> 00:48:11,630 years 987 00:48:18,179 --> 00:48:15,859 last year greenland was subjected to 988 00:48:22,679 --> 00:48:18,189 the highest temperatures ever recorded 989 00:48:25,359 --> 00:48:22,689 and a massive melt in 990 00:48:28,779 --> 00:48:25,369 us is camping for a month 991 00:48:31,059 --> 00:48:28,789 on the edge of a glacier and what we 992 00:48:36,160 --> 00:48:31,069 were seeing on the glacier after 993 00:48:42,089 --> 00:48:39,690 the planet practically has a 994 00:48:45,180 --> 00:48:42,099 one time scale where what 995 00:48:47,460 --> 00:48:45,190 is happening there well maybe 996 00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:47,470 it will take time to see signs in some 997 00:48:56,910 --> 00:48:51,010 parts of the planet but right now 998 00:48:58,770 --> 00:48:56,920 bernand is already a let's go it is a 999 00:49:01,400 --> 00:48:58,780 natural laboratory where we are experiencing the 1000 00:49:04,980 --> 00:49:01,410 consequences of climate change this is 1001 00:49:11,190 --> 00:49:04,990 all that goes from temperatures to 1002 00:49:11,790 --> 00:49:11,200 radiation in the drainage of the ice cap, 1003 00:49:17,910 --> 00:49:14,940 everything is registering much higher numbers 1004 00:49:20,250 --> 00:49:17,920 than we could predict and we 1005 00:49:22,589 --> 00:49:20,260 still do not understand it well because they 1006 00:49:24,810 --> 00:49:22,599 are not yet well assimilated the 1007 00:49:27,740 --> 00:49:24,820 data are models what the effects will be, 1008 00:49:30,599 --> 00:49:27,750 for example to the current 1009 00:49:32,839 --> 00:49:30,609 thermohaline, which is what controls the 1010 00:49:37,589 --> 00:49:32,849 stability and temperature of the ocean, 1011 00:49:39,410 --> 00:49:37,599 how will it affect sea ice in a few years from now 1012 00:49:45,910 --> 00:49:43,309 ? Once it melts, it is 1013 00:49:48,620 --> 00:49:45,920 completely the sea ice of a 1014 00:49:51,020 --> 00:49:48,630 region, it is very difficult for it to recover 1015 00:49:54,079 --> 00:49:51,030 because it recovers in a year and the next one 1016 00:49:57,079 --> 00:49:54,089 melts again you need ice 1017 00:49:59,839 --> 00:49:57,089 formed over many years to 1018 00:50:02,120 --> 00:49:59,849 grow back in that protective layer 1019 00:50:05,030 --> 00:50:02,130 of people that protects us from 1020 00:50:07,660 --> 00:50:05,040 solar radiation so we don't have to wait it's already 1021 00:50:11,870 --> 00:50:10,099 could you tell me a little about what 1022 00:50:14,380 --> 00:50:11,880 we hope to see in the following years, 1023 00:50:18,170 --> 00:50:14,390 five years, as our 1024 00:50:19,970 --> 00:50:18,180 follower in the atmosphere asks, yes, well, 1025 00:50:23,059 --> 00:50:19,980 almost Santiago has said that 1026 00:50:26,599 --> 00:50:23,069 we are already seeing some changes. 1027 00:50:29,690 --> 00:50:26,609 Last year we already exceeded 400 parts per 1028 00:50:32,240 --> 00:50:29,700 million of CO2 and with the records that are available, 1029 00:50:38,030 --> 00:50:35,240 it can be seen that I have never had a level 1030 00:50:42,350 --> 00:50:38,040 of co2 in the atmosphere so great 1031 00:50:45,260 --> 00:50:42,360 that we know for the moment what mechanisms 1032 00:50:49,610 --> 00:50:45,270 exist for this co2 to be distributed 1033 00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:49,620 at the level of what part is absorbed by the 1034 00:50:54,920 --> 00:50:52,410 ocean what part can be absorbed by 1035 00:50:57,670 --> 00:50:54,930 the forest masses by the biosphere 1036 00:51:00,320 --> 00:50:57,680 because it is within the cycle 'the 1037 00:51:04,880 --> 00:51:00,330 photosynthetic but we are making 1038 00:51:07,160 --> 00:51:04,890 changes in those forest masses we are 1039 00:51:10,520 --> 00:51:07,170 reducing those forest masses we are 1040 00:51:13,010 --> 00:51:10,530 increasing co2 that means there is already 1041 00:51:16,040 --> 00:51:13,020 evidence that we are exceeding 1042 00:51:18,020 --> 00:51:16,050 some limits that in the first 1043 00:51:20,840 --> 00:51:18,030 protocols 1044 00:51:23,870 --> 00:51:20,850 the first kyoto protocol of the 1045 00:51:26,480 --> 00:51:23,880 first haiti panels yes yes We have already 1046 00:51:29,990 --> 00:51:26,490 exceeded those levels and we are seeing 1047 00:51:32,780 --> 00:51:30,000 that the system is responding and we will have to 1048 00:51:33,560 --> 00:51:32,790 see what must be said there are already direct changes in 1049 00:51:39,959 --> 00:51:35,579 masses of 1050 00:51:42,569 --> 00:51:39,969 low ice and above all this in 1051 00:51:44,789 --> 00:51:42,579 CO2 we already have more than 400 parts per 1052 00:51:47,249 --> 00:51:44,799 million, that is, the models are 1053 00:51:49,410 --> 00:51:47,259 making predictions with 1054 00:51:53,430 --> 00:51:49,420 higher concentrations but we have already 1055 00:51:55,349 --> 00:51:53,440 exceeded what we said before if 1056 00:52:00,630 --> 00:51:55,359 carlos you would like to comment 1057 00:52:06,120 --> 00:52:03,390 we are increasing the level of the ocean 1058 00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:06,130 due to melting ice and 1059 00:52:11,880 --> 00:52:09,010 due to thermal expansion we have the 1060 00:52:13,670 --> 00:52:11,890 problem of acidification there are 1061 00:52:16,259 --> 00:52:13,680 regions coastal areas that are extremely 1062 00:52:18,779 --> 00:52:16,269 sensitive to climate change, such as 1063 00:52:22,500 --> 00:52:18,789 coral reef areas and that we are 1064 00:52:25,270 --> 00:52:22,510 beginning to see changes in the short 1065 00:52:30,240 --> 00:52:27,880 and again these are areas are 1066 00:52:33,180 --> 00:52:30,250 biomes that are extremely sensitive 1067 00:52:37,150 --> 00:52:33,190 are ecosystems that have been maintained 1068 00:52:39,280 --> 00:52:37,160 for thousands of years under some 1069 00:52:43,390 --> 00:52:39,290 specific conditions and we are 1070 00:52:47,920 --> 00:52:45,430 very good thank you very much we are almost there we have 1071 00:52:52,329 --> 00:52:47,930 five minutes left and I would like to 1072 00:52:54,250 --> 00:52:52,339 finish by going one by one or to say what 1073 00:52:55,809 --> 00:52:54,260 is your main message that you 1074 00:52:59,049 --> 00:52:55,819 would like to communicate to the public is about 1075 00:53:03,950 --> 00:52:59,059 the science of change climate change tone and you 1076 00:53:06,750 --> 00:53:03,960 want to start yes well 1077 00:53:09,570 --> 00:53:06,760 mainly I would like to communicate 1078 00:53:14,370 --> 00:53:09,580 that it is the problem of climate change 1079 00:53:16,549 --> 00:53:14,380 it is a global thing we are all 1080 00:53:19,009 --> 00:53:16,559 on the 1081 00:53:22,339 --> 00:53:19,019 same planet and the effects are going to 1082 00:53:24,920 --> 00:53:22,349 be for everyone possibly the most 1083 00:53:27,199 --> 00:53:24,930 important thing will be to see how it is 1084 00:53:29,120 --> 00:53:27,209 All these more obvious changes are happening 1085 00:53:32,150 --> 00:53:29,130 on a day-to-day basis, not only on 1086 00:53:35,209 --> 00:53:32,160 paper because there are predictions, but 1087 00:53:38,890 --> 00:53:35,219 having them every day is that we will have to 1088 00:53:41,329 --> 00:53:38,900 adapt to that and then from NASA, 1089 00:53:44,089 --> 00:53:41,339 well, I think that a great job is being done 1090 00:53:46,039 --> 00:53:44,099 at the level of human and 1091 00:53:48,480 --> 00:53:46,049 technological resources to understand what is 1092 00:53:51,990 --> 00:53:48,490 happening with our climate 1093 00:53:54,780 --> 00:53:52,000 there are many people working on different 1094 00:53:57,020 --> 00:53:54,790 projects and trying to study the 1095 00:54:02,220 --> 00:53:57,030 different parts of the system aerosols 1096 00:54:04,880 --> 00:54:02,230 clouds atmospheric dynamics the 1097 00:54:08,840 --> 00:54:04,890 colleagues who are working on the 1098 00:54:11,700 --> 00:54:08,850 ocean and trying to put it all together and 1099 00:54:14,850 --> 00:54:11,710 trying to know a lot better what is 1100 00:54:17,280 --> 00:54:14,860 happening and see if the response of 1101 00:54:21,290 --> 00:54:17,290 those who have the last word 1102 00:54:26,010 --> 00:54:21,300 those who have the power to change 1103 00:54:28,920 --> 00:54:26,020 are real or realistic that 1104 00:54:30,890 --> 00:54:28,930 they make a decision as soon as 1105 00:54:33,799 --> 00:54:30,900 possible 1106 00:54:36,170 --> 00:54:33,809 santiago you would like to make a 1107 00:54:39,799 --> 00:54:36,180 final statement 1108 00:54:44,450 --> 00:54:39,809 well a A quick message to the 1109 00:54:46,670 --> 00:54:44,460 general public that, as Antonio said, we 1110 00:54:49,099 --> 00:54:46,680 are all in the same boat and it should not be 1111 00:54:51,470 --> 00:54:49,109 clarified, not our daily actions 1112 00:54:53,070 --> 00:54:51,480 are what have us where we are 1113 00:54:55,950 --> 00:54:53,080 now, 1114 00:54:58,530 --> 00:54:55,960 and it is not necessary to be a scientist 1115 00:55:01,770 --> 00:54:58,540 to make an account, just with a little bit of 1116 00:55:05,390 --> 00:55:01,780 common sense how we have to 1117 00:55:07,860 --> 00:55:05,400 live to be able to 1118 00:55:11,070 --> 00:55:07,870 face this challenge that is possibly 1119 00:55:13,710 --> 00:55:11,080 the greatest challenge of our era and a 1120 00:55:16,650 --> 00:55:13,720 final recommendation is when you always listen to 1121 00:55:19,500 --> 00:55:16,660 political scientists reporters 1122 00:55:23,720 --> 00:55:19,510 talk about climate change they always 1123 00:55:26,910 --> 00:55:23,730 end with a concert 1124 00:55:28,830 --> 00:55:26,920 curiosity and interest and if someone 1125 00:55:31,740 --> 00:55:28,840 says that climate change is not 1126 00:55:33,750 --> 00:55:31,750 true to ask what the 1127 00:55:36,870 --> 00:55:33,760 agenda is because my experience is that the 1128 00:55:39,450 --> 00:55:36,880 agenda that people who are informed and 1129 00:55:41,790 --> 00:55:39,460 who are smart and speak out against 1130 00:55:44,829 --> 00:55:41,800 climate change are people who are pursuing 1131 00:55:46,740 --> 00:55:44,839 a particular agenda in 1132 00:55:49,550 --> 00:55:46,750 our house 1133 00:55:53,370 --> 00:55:49,560 and Carlos, what would you like to throw yourself 1134 00:55:56,240 --> 00:55:53,380 to finish the climate picture? It's real, it 1135 00:55:59,000 --> 00:55:56,250 's a serious problem, 1136 00:56:01,370 --> 00:55:59,010 and NASA scientists and other 1137 00:56:03,640 --> 00:56:01,380 agencies in the US, as well as other agencies 1138 00:56:07,059 --> 00:56:03,650 in the rest of the planet, 1139 00:56:09,489 --> 00:56:07,069 agree that this is a problem 1140 00:56:12,029 --> 00:56:09,499 and we do our best. that we can 1141 00:56:14,019 --> 00:56:12,039 to try to communicate this 1142 00:56:16,299 --> 00:56:14,029 problem to the general population 1143 00:56:20,170 --> 00:56:16,309 but there are also confectionery for the 1144 00:56:22,959 --> 00:56:20,180 general public and be informed and make 1145 00:56:25,460 --> 00:56:22,969 wise decisions using this type of 1146 00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:25,470 information 1147 00:56:30,920 --> 00:56:28,170 remember that 1148 00:56:32,690 --> 00:56:30,930 we live in democracies and 1149 00:56:34,000 --> 00:56:32,700 our leaders are supposed to 1150 00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:36,490 basically follow the leadership that 1151 00:56:41,490 --> 00:56:39,410 citizens of the country I present to you so 1152 00:56:45,490 --> 00:56:41,500 again it is a problem 1153 00:56:47,970 --> 00:56:45,500 inform yourselves and make decisions according 1154 00:56:50,000 --> 00:56:47,980 to this information what 1155 00:56:52,130 --> 00:56:50,010 are you changing 1156 00:56:54,680 --> 00:56:52,140 and angela what is the perspective of the 1157 00:56:57,260 --> 00:56:54,690 perfectly crazy scientific journalist 1158 00:56:59,540 --> 00:56:57,270 to say carles and also of cathartic 1159 00:57:01,880 --> 00:56:59,550 thiago we have the responsibility to 1160 00:57:05,150 --> 00:57:01,890 inform ourselves And of course we are going to buy 1161 00:57:07,100 --> 00:57:05,160 light bulbs that are less 1162 00:57:09,890 --> 00:57:07,110 energy-consuming, this is fine, but first of 1163 00:57:12,320 --> 00:57:09,900 all we have to inform ourselves because if they are 1164 00:57:14,540 --> 00:57:12,330 not going to use us as if 1165 00:57:16,430 --> 00:57:14,550 we were vomiting and if we do not 1166 00:57:18,680 --> 00:57:16,440 inform them, it will be our fault and 1167 00:57:20,420 --> 00:57:18,690 no one else. It will do it for us, we have 1168 00:57:23,870 --> 00:57:20,430 to be proactive, know where the 1169 00:57:26,750 --> 00:57:23,880 good news is and do it on all 1170 00:57:28,640 --> 00:57:26,760 digital written platforms and 1171 00:57:30,170 --> 00:57:28,650 learn so that tomorrow they 1172 00:57:30,170 --> 00:57:32,180 come to tell us that this is not happening. 1173 00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:35,300 that we have to learn on 1174 00:57:39,410 --> 00:57:37,110 our own without anyone imposing on us, it 1175 00:57:41,750 --> 00:57:39,420 is also hilarious it is so complex 1176 00:57:44,740 --> 00:57:41,760 that it is fun I promise you this 1177 00:57:47,420 --> 00:57:44,750 is that thank you very much thank you 1178 00:57:49,100 --> 00:57:47,430 since we have run out of time I wanted to 1179 00:57:50,660 --> 00:57:49,110 thank the panelists above all 1180 00:57:54,050 --> 00:57:50,670 for participating but also our 1181 00:57:55,430 --> 00:57:54,060 viewers and eyes listeners in 1182 00:57:58,400 --> 00:57:55,440 any way you do 1183 00:58:00,560 --> 00:57:58,410 since hangout and this is not all because 1184 00:58:03,320 --> 00:58:00,570 the conversation is still being born keep 1185 00:58:05,720 --> 00:58:03,330 posting new information about 1186 00:58:07,850 --> 00:58:05,730 new new research on 1187 00:58:09,650 --> 00:58:07,860 climate change and I would recommend you 1188 00:58:13,970 --> 00:58:09,660 follow us on twitter we have a 1189 00:58:14,600 --> 00:58:13,980 twitter account in spanish at nasa barra 1190 00:58:17,900 --> 00:58:14,610 baja 1191 00:58:20,420 --> 00:58:17,910 that is nasa in spanish and again thank you very much 1192 00:58:25,070 --> 00:58:20,430 everyone and i hope now you have